mixed-types-num
Alternative Prelude with numeric and logic expressions typed bottom-up
https://github.com/michalkonecny/mixed-types-num#readme
LTS Haskell 22.33: | 0.5.12 |
Stackage Nightly 2024-09-07: | 0.5.12 |
Latest on Hackage: | 0.5.12 |
mixed-types-num-0.5.12@sha256:01cdba41ad2a66b5a5c7e87749c14ea55ea81554a54ff723e41fe29d9e14782e,3246
Module documentation for 0.5.12
- Data
- Data.Convertible
- Data.Convertible.Base
- Data.Convertible.Instances
- Data.Convertible.Utils
- Data.Convertible
- MixedTypesNumPrelude
- Numeric
- Numeric.MixedTypes
- Numeric.MixedTypes.AddSub
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Bool
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Complex
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Div
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Elementary
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Eq
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Field
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Literals
- Numeric.MixedTypes.MinMaxAbs
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Mul
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Ord
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Power
- Numeric.MixedTypes.PreludeHiding
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Reduce
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Ring
- Numeric.MixedTypes.Round
- Numeric.OrdGenericBool
- Numeric.MixedTypes
- Utils
- Utils.TH
- Utils.Test
mixed-types-num
This package provides a version of Prelude where
unary and binary operations such as not
, +
, ==
have their result type derived from the parameter type(s)
and thus supports mixed-type arithmetic and comparisons such as:
> a = [1..10]; b = [1..11]
> length a > 2^((length b)/3)
{?(prec 36): CertainFalse}
Partial operations such as division, sqrt and power do not throw exceptions even when errors such as division by zero occur. Instead, these errors are propagated bottom-up in a bespoke error-accumulating functor from package collect-errors.
This library (as well as collect-errors) arose while developing the AERN2 library for interval and exact real computation. Certain aspects are specifically tailored for interval or exact real arithmetics, including three-valued numerical comparisons and distinguishing potential and certain errors.
API documentation available on the Hackage page.
Table of contents
1. Examples
To replicate the examples included below, start ghci as follows:
$ stack ghci mixed-types-num:lib --no-load --ghci-options MixedTypesNumPrelude
*MixedTypesNumPrelude>
1.1. Main idea
Literals have a fixed type:
...> :t 1
... Integer
...> :t 1.0
... Rational
...> 1 :: Rational
... Couldn't match type ‘Integer’ with ‘GHC.Real.Ratio Integer’ ...
Operations permit operands of mixed types, types inferred bottom-up:
...> :t 1/2
... :: Rational
...> :t 1.5 * (length [[]])
... :: Rational
1.2. Dealing with numerical errors
To avoid runtime exceptions, it is recommended to use the CN error-collecting wrapper from package collect-errors.
All arithmetic operations have been extended so that it is possible to have expressions that operate exclusively on CN-wrapped types:
...> f (n :: CN Integer) = 1/(1/(n-1) + 1/n) :: CN Rational
...> f (cn 0)
{{ERROR: division by 0}}
...> f (cn 1)
{{ERROR: division by 0}}
...> f (cn 2)
2 % 3
Note that the errors printed above are not exceptions, but special values. See the collect-errors documentation for more details.
1.3. The generalised power operator
...> :t 2^(-2)
... :: Rational
...> :t 2^2
... :: Rational
...> :t round (2^2)
... :: Integer
...> :t (double 2)^(1/2)
... :: Double
The following examples require also package aern2-real. To get access to this via stack, you can start ghci eg as follows:
$ stack ghci aern2-real:lib --no-load --ghci-options AERN2.Real
AERN2.Real> import MixedTypesNumPrelude
...> :t pi
... :: CReal
...> :t sqrt 2
... :: CReal
...> :t 2^(1/2)
... :: CReal
1.4. Undecided comparisons
Comparisons involving intervals are undecided when the intervals overlap:
> pi10 = pi ? (bits 10)
> pi10
[3.1416015625 ± ~9.7656e-4 ~2^(-10)]
> pi10 > 0
CertainTrue
> pi10 == pi10
TrueOrFalse
The above equality cannot be decided since pi10
is not a single number but a set of numbers spanning the interval and the comparison operator cannot tell if the two operands sets represent the same number or a different number.
Comparison involving real numbers are semi-decidable. The result of such a comparison is a lazy Kleenean, ie an infinite sequence of Kleeneans. Please see package aern2-real for further details.
1.5. Fuzzy if-then-else
This package generalises the Haskell if-then-else statement so that it admits Kleenean and lazy Kleenean conditions:
...> abs1 x = max 0 (if x < 0 then -x else x)
...> abs1 (pi10 - pi10)
[0.0009765625 ± ~9.7656e-4 ~2^(-10)]
Although the condition x < 0
cannot be decided for the interval
pi10-pi10 = [0 ± ~1.9531e-3 ~2^(-9)]
, the if-then-else statement is resolved by computing both branches and unifying the resulting intervals. This makes sense only if both branches compute the same number whenever the condition cannot be decided, ie when x = 0
in this case, making the function continuous.
If we try to define a discontinuous function this way, we get an error as soon as it is detected:
...> bad1 x = if x < 0 then 1-x else x
...> bad1 (pi10 - pi10)
[0.5 ± ~0.5020 ~2^(-1)]{{ERROR: numeric error: union of enclosures: not enclosing the same value}}
The generalised if-then-else works also for real numbers with lazy Kleenean comparisons:
...> abs1 (pi - pi)
{?(prec 36): [0.00000000001455191522836685... ± ~1.4552e-11 ~2^(-36)]}
2. Type classes
Mixed-type arithmetic operations are provided via multi-parameter type classes and the result type is given by associated type families. For example:
(+) :: (CanAddAsymmetric t1 t2) => t1 -> t2 -> AddType t1 t2
The constraint CanAdd t1 t2
is a shortcut for both
CanAddAsymmetric t1 t2
and CanAddAsymmetric t2 t1
.
For convenience there are other aggregate type constraints such as
CanAddThis t1 t2
, which implies that the result is of type t1
,
and CanAddSameType t
, which is a shortcut for CanAddThis t t
.
Notably, there are convenience classes Ring
and Field
as well as OrderedRing
and OrderedField
.
For types that instantiate Prelude classes such as Num
, one can
define instances of the new classes using the default implementation, eg:
{-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-}
import MixedTypesPrelude
import qualified Prelude as P
newtype II = II Integer deriving (P.Eq, P.Ord, P.Num)
instance CanAddAsymmetric II II
Conversely, if one defines instances such as CanAddAsymmetric T T
,
one can then trivially define also instances Num T
etc:
instance P.Num T where
(+) = (+)
...
3. Testable specifications
The arithmetic type classes are accompanied by generic hspec test suites, which are specialised to concrete instance types for their testing. These test suites include the expected algebraic properties of operations, such as commutativity and associativity of addition.
4. Limitations
-
Not all numerical operations are supported yet. Eg
tan
,atan
are missing at the moment. -
Not all Prelude numerical types are supported yet. Eg
Natural
andFloat
are not supported at present, butDouble
is supported. -
Many common operations such as
fromEnum
,threadDelay
give or require anInt
value, which means we sometimes need to convert:threadDelay (int 1000000) integer (fromEnum True)
Prelude functions such as
take
,!!
andlength
that useInt
in Prelude are shadowed in MixedTypesNumPrelude with more compatible/flexible versions. Beware thatData.List.length
clashes withlength
in MixedTypesNumPrelude. -
Inferred types can be very large. Eg for
f a b c = sqrt (a + b * c + 1)
the inferred type is:f :: (CanSqrt (AddType (AddType t2 (MulType t3 t4)) Integer), CanAddAsymmetric (AddType t2 (MulType t3 t4)) Integer, CanAddAsymmetric t2 (MulType t3 t4), CanMulAsymmetric t3 t4) => t2 -> t3 -> t4 -> SqrtType (AddType (AddType t2 (MulType t3 t4)) Integer)
5. Credits
The idea of having numeric expressions in Haskell with types derived bottom-up was initially suggested and implemented by Pieter Collins. This version is a fresh rewrite by Michal Konečný.
Changes
mixed-types-num change log
-
v 0.5.12 2023-08-14
- compatible with ghc 9.6.2
- remove dependency on mtl
-
v 0.5.11 2022-08-25
- left-first and/or for CE/CN monad
-
v 0.5.10 2022-07-13
- isValid and spec helpers for validity of operations
-
v 0.5.9 2021-08-04
- compatible with ghc 9.0.1
- separated module Mul from Ring
-
v 0.5.8 2021-06-02
- add HasRationals to Field
-
v 0.5.7 2021-05-28
- before: n^m is rational, now: n^m is integer, n^^m is rational
-
v 0.5.6 2021-05-27
- add instances: mixed min/max Double $t
- add instance: CanGiveUpIfVeryInaccurate Double
-
v 0.5.5 2021-05-26
- powUsingMulRecip etc with custom multiply and recip operations
-
v 0.5.4 2021-05-21
- remove Kleeneans (move them to aern2-mp)
-
v 0.5.3 2021-05-15
- export clearPotentialErrors (from collect-errors)
-
v 0.5.2 2021-05-14
- add OrdGenericBool
-
v 0.5.1 2021-05-12
- if-then-else for CN-wrapped (see collect-errors) condition
- Documentation now in README
-
v 0.5.0 2021-04-13
- use package collect-errors with a much simpler CN wrapper
- replace Maybe Bool by Kleenean (a new type)
- remove very long type constraints in specifications using PartialTypeSignatures
-
v 0.4.1 2021-01-21
- add hasErrorCE and hasErrorCN for testing if CE/CN values contain errors
-
v 0.4.0.2 2020-08-02
- remove smallcheck version upper bound
- update to cabal-version >= 1.10
-
v 0.4.0.1 2019-04-11
- fix infinite loop in some conversions
-
v 0.4.0 2019-04-10
- eliminated dependency on convertible, improving ghcjs compatibility
-
v 0.3.2 2019-01-08
- added divI and mod
- added enforceRange
- used enforceRange in exp tests
-
v 0.3.1.5 2018-11-14
- improved documentation
-
v 0.3.1.4 2017-12-06
- removed upper bounds for dependencies
-
v 0.3.1.3 2017-08-22
- fixed bound on base in test suite
-
v 0.3.1.2 2017-08-15
- provided compatible versions of take, drop, length, replicate, splitAt
- added missing mixed-type subtraction combination to Ring etc.
-
v 0.3.0.1 2017-08-01
- improve package documentation in module MixedTypesNumPrelude
-
v 0.3 2017-08-01
- renamed the main module to MixedTypesNumPrelude
- much faster compilation
- Ring and Field are now classes, not synonyms for large sets of constraints
- many fixes in collect-error framework and its use in division and power
- Overloaded if-then-else via -XRebindableSyntax
- compiling with ghc 8.2.1
-
v 0.2.0.1
- fix compilation bug in test suite
- minor doc improvements
- fix Complex instances of error-throwing division (/!)
-
v 0.2
- new CollectErrors wrapper
- CN, specialisation of CollectErrors to NumErrors
- numerical partial operators (eg division) return a CN type
- instances for Data.Complex
-
v 0.1
- first release