Rattus

This library implements the Rattus programming language as an embedded DSL. To this end the library provides a GHC plugin that performs the additional checks that are necessary for Rattus. What follows is a brief introduction to the language and its usage. A more detailed introduction can be found in this paper.

Rattus is a functional reactive programming (FRP) language that uses modal types to ensure operational properties that are crucial for reactive programs: productivity (in each computation step, the program makes progress), causality (output depends only on current and earlier input), and no implicit space leaks (programs do not implicitly retain memory over time).

To ensure these properties, Rattus uses the type modality O to express the concept of time at the type level. Intuitively speaking, a value of type O a represents a computation that will produce a value of type a in the next time step. Additionally, the language also features the Box type modality. A value of type Box a is a time-independent computation that can be executed at any time to produce a value of type a.

For example, the type of streams is defined as

data Str a = a ::: (O (Str a))

So the head of the stream is available now, but its tail is only available in the next time step. Writing a map function for this type of streams, requires us to use the Box modality:

map :: Box (a -> b) -> Str a -> Str b
map f (x ::: xs) = unbox f x ::: delay (map f (adv xs))

This makes sure that the function f that we give to map is available at any time in the future.

The core of the language is defined in the module Rattus.Primitives. Note that the operations on O and Box have non-standard typing rules. Therefore, this library provides a compiler plugin that checks these non-standard typing rules. To write Rattus programs, one must enable this plugin via the GHC option -fplugin=Rattus.Plugin, e.g. by including the following line in the source file:

{-# OPTIONS -fplugin=Rattus.Plugin #-}

In addition, one must annotate the functions that are written in Rattus:

{-# ANN myFunction Rattus #-}

Or annotate the whole module as a Rattus module:

{-# ANN module Rattus #-}

Below is a minimal Rattus program using the Rattus.Stream module for programming with streams:

{-# OPTIONS -fplugin=Rattus.Plugin #-}

import Rattus
import Rattus.Stream

{-# ANN sums Rattus #-}
sums :: Str Int -> Str Int
sums = scan (box (+)) 0

The source code of the Rattus.Stream module provides more examples on how to program in Rattus.