Frames

Data frames for working with tabular data files

LTS Haskell 22.39:0.7.4.2
Stackage Nightly 2024-10-31:0.7.4.2
Latest on Hackage:0.7.4.2

See all snapshots Frames appears in

BSD-3-Clause licensed by Anthony Cowley
Maintained by [email protected]
This version can be pinned in stack with:Frames-0.7.4.2@sha256:51f42e242535a12cef1fbc1059c3936110489fb098f4f56fcb1e0729eace37be,9493

Frames

Data Frames for Haskell

User-friendly, type safe, runtime efficient tooling for working with tabular data deserialized from comma-separated values (CSV) files. The type of each row of data is inferred from data, which can then be streamed from disk, or worked with in memory.

We provide streaming and in-memory interfaces for efficiently working with datasets that can be safely indexed by column names found in the data files themselves. This type safety of column access and manipulation is checked at compile time.

Use Cases

For a running example, we will use variations of the prestige.csv data set. Each row includes 7 columns, but we just want to compute the average ratio of income to prestige.

Clean Data

If you have a CSV data where the values of each column may be classified by a single type, and ideally you have a header row giving each column a name, you may simply want to avoid writing out the Haskell type corresponding to each row. Frames provides TemplateHaskell machinery to infer a Haskell type for each row of your data set, thus preventing the situation where your code quietly diverges from your data.

We generate a collection of definitions generated by inspecting the data file at compile time (using tableTypes), then, at runtime, load that data into column-oriented storage in memory with a row-oriented interface (an in-core array of structures (AoS)). We’re going to compute the average ratio of two columns, so we’ll use the foldl library. Our fold will project the columns we want, and apply a function that divides one by the other after appropriate numeric type conversions. Here is the entirety of that program.

{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds, FlexibleContexts, QuasiQuotes, TemplateHaskell, TypeApplications #-}
module UncurryFold where
import qualified Control.Foldl                 as L
import           Data.Vinyl.Curry               ( runcurryX )
import           Frames

-- Data set from http://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html
tableTypes "Row" "test/data/prestige.csv"

loadRows :: IO (Frame Row)
loadRows = inCoreAoS (readTable "test/data/prestige.csv")

-- | Compute the ratio of income to prestige for a record containing
-- only those fields.
ratio :: Record '[Income, Prestige] -> Double
ratio = runcurryX (\i p -> fromIntegral i / p)

averageRatio :: IO Double
averageRatio = L.fold (L.premap (ratio . rcast) avg) <$> loadRows
  where avg = (/) <$> L.sum <*> L.genericLength

Missing Header Row

Now consider a case where our data file lacks a header row (I deleted the first row from `prestige.csv`). We will provide our own name for the generated row type, our own column names, and, for the sake of demonstration, we will also specify a prefix to be added to every column-based identifier (particularly useful if the column names do come from a header row, and you want to work with multiple CSV files some of whose column names coincide). We customize behavior by updating whichever fields of the record produced by rowGen we care to change, passing the result to tableTypes'. Link to code.

{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds, FlexibleContexts, QuasiQuotes, TemplateHaskell, TypeApplications #-}
module UncurryFoldNoHeader where
import qualified Control.Foldl                 as L
import           Data.Vinyl.Curry               ( runcurryX )
import           Frames
import           Frames.TH                      ( rowGen
                                                , RowGen(..)
                                                )

-- Data set from http://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html
tableTypes' (rowGen "test/data/prestigeNoHeader.csv")
            { rowTypeName = "NoH"
            , columnNames = [ "Job", "Schooling", "Money", "Females"
                            , "Respect", "Census", "Category" ]
            , tablePrefix = "NoHead"}

loadRows :: IO (Frame NoH)
loadRows = inCoreAoS (readTableOpt noHParser "test/data/prestigeNoHeader.csv")

-- | Compute the ratio of money to respect for a record containing
-- only those fields.
ratio :: Record '[NoHeadMoney, NoHeadRespect] -> Double
ratio = runcurryX (\m r -> fromIntegral m / r)

averageRatio :: IO Double
averageRatio = L.fold (L.premap (ratio . rcast) avg) <$> loadRows
  where avg = (/) <$> L.sum <*> L.genericLength

Missing Data

Sometimes not every row has a value for every column. I went ahead and blanked the prestige column of every row whose type column was NA in prestige.csv. For example, the first such row now reads,

"athletes",11.44,8206,8.13,,3373,NA

We can no longer parse a Double for that row, so we will work with row types parameterized by a Maybe type constructor. We are substantially filtering our data, so we will perform this operation in a streaming fashion without ever loading the entire table into memory. Our process will be to check if the prestige column was parsed, only keeping those rows for which it was not, then project the income column from those rows, and finally throw away Nothing elements. Link to code.

{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds, FlexibleContexts, QuasiQuotes, TemplateHaskell, TypeApplications, TypeOperators #-}
module UncurryFoldPartialData where
import qualified Control.Foldl as L
import Data.Maybe (isNothing)
import Data.Vinyl.XRec (toHKD)
import Frames
import Pipes (Producer, (>->))
import qualified Pipes.Prelude as P

-- Data set from http://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html
-- The prestige column has been left blank for rows whose "type" is
-- listed as "NA".
tableTypes "Row" "test/data/prestigePartial.csv"

-- | A pipes 'Producer' of our 'Row' type with a column functor of
-- 'Maybe'. That is, each element of each row may have failed to parse
-- from the CSV file.
maybeRows :: MonadSafe m => Producer (Rec (Maybe :. ElField) (RecordColumns Row)) m ()
maybeRows = readTableMaybe "test/data/prestigePartial.csv"

-- | Return the number of rows with unknown prestige, and the average
-- income of those rows.
incomeOfUnknownPrestige :: IO (Int, Double)
incomeOfUnknownPrestige =
  runSafeEffect . L.purely P.fold avg $
    maybeRows >-> P.filter prestigeUnknown >-> P.map getIncome >-> P.concat
  where avg = (\s l -> (l, s / fromIntegral l)) <$> L.sum <*> L.length
        getIncome = fmap fromIntegral . toHKD . rget @Income
        prestigeUnknown :: Rec (Maybe :. ElField) (RecordColumns Row) -> Bool
        prestigeUnknown = isNothing . toHKD . rget @Prestige

Tutorial

For comparison to working with data frames in other languages, see the tutorial.

Demos

There are various demos in the repository. Be sure to run the getdata build target to download the data files used by the demos! You can also download the data files manually and put them in a data directory in the directory from which you will be running the executables.

Contribute

You can build Frames via nix with the following command:

nix build .#Frames-8107  # or nix build .#Frames-921

this creates an ./result link in the current folder.

To get a development shell with all libraries, you can run:

nix develop .#Frames-921

To get just ghc and cabal in your shell, a simple nix develop will do.

Benchmarks

The benchmark shows several ways of dealing with data when you want to perform multiple traversals.

Another demo shows how to fuse multiple passes into one so that the full data set is never resident in memory. A Pandas version of a similar program is also provided for comparison.

This is a trivial program, but shows that performance is comparable to Pandas, and the memory savings of a compiled program are substantial.

First with Pandas,

$ nix-shell -p 'python3.withPackages (p: [p.pandas])' --run '$(which time) -f "%Uuser %Ssystem %Eelapsed %PCPU; %Mmaxresident KB" python benchmarks/panda.py'
28.087476512228815
-81.90356506136422
0.67user 0.04system 0:00.72elapsed 99%CPU; 79376maxresident KB

Then with Frames,

$ $(which time) -f '%Uuser %Ssystem %Eelapsed %PCPU; %Mmaxresident KB' dist-newstyle/build/x86_64-linux/ghc-8.10.4/Frames-0.7.2/x/benchdemo/build/benchdemo/benchdemo
28.087476512228815
-81.90356506136422
0.36user 0.00system 0:00.37elapsed 100%CPU; 5088maxresident KB

Changes

0.7.4

Replace the htoml package used in a test with tomland.

0.7.2

  • Add writeCSVopts that accepts options to specify the CSV delimiter.
  • Add inferencePrefix that controls how many lines of the input file are used for column type inference (default is 1000).
  • Add readTableDebug that loads and parses a data frame as readTable, but additionally prints lines that failed to parse to stderr.

0.7.1

  • Add showFrame, printFrame, takeRows, and dropRows to the Frames.Exploration module. These helpers for working with Frames are re-exported from the Frames module itself. Thanks to @chfin.

  • GHC-9.0.1 support.

0.7.0

GHC-8.10 support in Vinyl requires a major version bump.

0.6.3

  • Fix support for categorical column names that include spaces (@epn09)

0.6.0

Support external CSV tokenizers

Internal functionality is now defined more cleanly atop a stream of rows already broken into columns (rather than a stream of rows that we quietly break into columns ourself). This permits the use of external parsers such as provided by the new Frames-dsv package that supplies a CSV parser built atop hw-dsv.

The built-in CSV parser remains for ease of installation.

0.5.1

GHC 8.6 compatibility

0.5.0

  • Renamed the rgetf and rputf exported by the Frames module to rgetField and rputField. This avoids clashing with the same names exported by vinyl and further advances the process of eliminating the old Frames Col type in favor of vinyl’s ElField.

  • Add a ShowCSV class rather than leaning on overburdened Show instances.

  • Add support for categorical column types: values of these types are one of a small number of textual values. Because they can only take on a small number of different text values, we can compactly represent values of these types as standard Haskell sum types.

0.4.0

  • Added table joins in Data.Vinyl.Joins (Chris Hammill)

  • Changed types of mapMethod and mapMethodV

These now rely on explicit TypeApplications rather than Proxy values.

0.3.0

  • Pervasive use of pipes for CSV data loading

This provides better exception handling (file handles should be closed more reliably), and offers an interface point for customized handling of input texts. An example of this latter point is working with particular file encodings.

A breaking change is that operations that previously returned IO values now return MonadSafe constrained values.

  • Adaptation of Data.Vinyl.Curry.runcurry to the Frames Record type This simply strips the column name information from a row before applying the function from vinyl.

0.2.1

  • Refactored to use the CoRec type provided by vinyl >= 0.6.0

  • Fixed bug in typing mostly-numeric columns Such columns must be represented as Text. Previously, we strove a bit too hard to avoid falling back to Text resulting in dropping rows containing non-numeric values for columns we crammed into a numeric type.

  • Minor optimization of CSV parsing In particular, dealing with RFC4180 style quoting

  • GHC-8.2.1 compatibility

0.1.10

  • Added CSV output functions: produceCSV and writeCSV
  • Added an Eq instance for the Frame type

0.1.9

Fixed column type inference bug that led the inferencer to prefer Bool too strongly.

This was fallout from typing columns whose values are all 0 or 1 as Bool.

0.1.6

Re-export Frames.CSV.declareColumn from Frames. This makes it much easier to manually define column types.

0.1.4

Use microlens instead of lens-family-core for demos.

0.1.3

GHC-8.0.1 compatibility

0.1.2.1

Improved documentation based on suggestions by Alexander Kjeldaas

0.1.2

Fixed bug in Monoid instance of Frame (@dalejordan)

0.1.1.0

Added frameConsA, frameSnoc, and RecordColumns to help with changing row types.

0.1.0.0

Initial version pushed to hackage.